These skewed percentages may indicate that the golden line is an ideal that is artfully strived for but which cannot be continuously realized over the course of a long epic. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. These lines have the abVAB structure, in which two adjectives are placed at the beginning of the line and two nouns at the end in an interlocking order. en (gōl′dən) adj. While several scholars have claimed that the golden line is mainly used to close periods and descriptions, the poems do not seem to bear this out. Thus, in a curious way, the arcane wordplay that fascinated ancient grammarians has—in the English-speaking world, at least—come again to play a role in interpreting and explicating the central works of the classical canon. There are no Latin golden or silver lines before Catullus, who uses them in poem 64 to an extent almost unparalleled in classical literature. Although perhaps not immediately obvious, phi and the golden section also appear in the Bible. Word-by-word the line translates as "golden purple fastens clasp cloak". Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more. Bede advocated a double hyperbaton, and also the placing of adjectives before nouns. Today major works and commentaries on canonical poets in Latin and Greek discuss them in light of the golden line, and occasionally even the silver line: Neil Hopkinson's Callimachus, William Anderson's Metamorphoses, Richard Thomas's Georgics, Alan Cameron's Claudian, Andy Orchard's Aldhelm. It is not quite the golden line, for there is no provision for a verb in the middle. He mentions that "Quintilian and others" mention this as a teres versus:[16]. It is not quite the golden line, for there is no provision for a verb in the middle. He mentions that "Quintilian and others" mention this as a teres versus:[11]. Golden definition, bright, metallic, or lustrous like gold; of the color of gold; yellow: golden hair. White's, The golden line in Carmina's guide to interpreting poetry, The golden line according to Anne Mahoney's, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_line&oldid=1007956623, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2010, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1972 – François Kerlouégan, "Une mode stylistique dans la prose latine des pays celtiques. the addressee. Bede advocated a double hyperbaton, and also the placing of adjectives before nouns. The golden line may originally have been the teres versus of Diomedes, but this fact does not legitimate its use as a critical term today. Classical poets probably did not strive to produce them (but see the teres versus in the history section below). However, it is difficult to understand what "conjoin a fluent and contiguous phrase" ( volubilem et cohaerentem continuant dictionem) means and how exactly it applies to this verse. Contact Us Most of these critics assume or imply that golden lines were deliberate figures, practiced since Hellenistic times and artfully contrived and composed by the poets in question. Having the color of gold or a yellow color suggestive of gold. Burles’s discussion of the golden line is clearly based upon this tradition concerning the position of epithets. Scholars like to believe that their critical approaches to classical poetry are direct and immediate, and that they understand classical literature in its own context or, depending on their critical stance, from the perspective of their own context(s). Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! Table 3: Golden lines in some early medieval poetry. word-by-word the line translates as "golden purple bound clasp cloak". Walther de Speyer composed his poem on the life of St. Christopher in 984 when he was seventeen. It is not found in any current handbooks on Latin grammar or metrics except for Mahoney's online Overview of Latin Syntax[6] and Panhuis's Latin Grammar.[7]. Putting it as simply as we can (eek! Most of these critics assume or imply that golden lines were deliberate figures, practiced since Hellenistic times and artfully contrived and composed by the poets in question. Of, relating to, made of, or containing gold. Table 2 gives similar figures for a few poets in late antiquity, while Table 3 gives figures for a selection of early medieval poems from the fifth to tenth centuries. No commentators today count up versus inlibati, iniuges, quinquipartes, or any of the other bizarre forms assembled by Diomedes. It may be written in some rough stress-based meter, but even that cannot be stated with certainty. 2. a. Another tendency, seen in Corippus, Sedulius, Aldhelm, and Walther de Speyer, is an extremely large number of golden lines in the beginning of a work, which is not matched in the rest of the work. The earliest is the 1484 De arte metrificandi of Jacob Wimpfeling: And two years later the Ars Versificandi of Conrad Celtes followed Wimpfeling: In 1512 Johannes Despauterius quoted Celtis’s remarks verbatim in his Ars versificatoria in the section De componendis carminibus praecepta generalia and then more narrowly defined excellence in hexameters in the section De carmine elegiaco: Despauterius here combines Bede’s two rules into one general precept of elegance: Two adjectives should be placed before two substantives, the first agreeing with the first. Often scholars do not explicitly offer a definition, but instead present statistics or lists of golden lines, from which one must extrapolate their criteria for deeming a verse golden. The first person to mention the golden line may be the grammarian Diomedes Grammaticus, in a list of types of Latin hexameters in his Ars grammatica. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. Most scholars who care about the topic exclude the less common variants in which one or both nouns precede the verb, gold (aBVAb, AbVaB, ABVab) and silver (aBVbA, AbVBa, ABVba). Wilkinson[9] offered the humorous definition "silver line" for this variant. The Golden Line aims to contribute to the economic empowerment of women living in and around artisanal and small-scale gold mining communities in Ghana and Tanzania. Most English definitions are provided by WordNet . b. Lustrous; radiant: the golden sun. It is also the example line given in Scaliger above. He disqualifies inverted or mixed order, where nouns come first (101, 133, 206, 236, 275, 298). Even if the golden line was not a conscious poetic conceit in the classical or medieval period, it might have some utility today as a term of analysis in discussing such poetry. It just keeps on showing up in a ton of different ways when you look at a pentagram like this. W. B. Sedgewick. Some definitions are very idiosyncratic. Phi is the basis for the Golden Ratio, Section or Mean The ratio, or proportion, determined by Phi (1.618 ...) was known to the Greeks as the "dividing a line in the extreme and mean ratio" and to Renaissance artists as the "Divine Proportion" It is also called the Golden Section, Golden Ratio and the Golden … ○   Wildcard, crossword There is no consensus on their definition. Figurative poetry, such as that of Publilius Optatianus Porfirius and, in Carolingian times, that of Hrabanus Maurus, rarely uses the golden line. The golden line is a type of Latin dactylic hexameter frequently mentioned in Latin classrooms in English speaking countries and in contemporary scholarship written in English. golden section synonyms, golden section pronunciation, golden section translation, English dictionary definition of golden section. Statistics illuminate some long-term trends in the use of the golden line. Of its 612 lines, 144—23.53 percent—have the golden line structure. Hyle, III. However, the form now appears in canonical English commentaries to authors from Callimachus to Aldhelm and most scholars who refer to the golden line today treat it as an important poetic form of indisputable antiquity. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame ! The golden line is a type of Latin dactylic hexameter frequently mentioned in Latin classrooms and in contemporary scholarship about Latin poetry, but which apparently began as a verse-composition exercise in schools in early modern Britain. The following statistical tables are offered with the warning that they are based upon one scholar's definitions of golden and "silver" lines (the tables are from Mayer in the bibliography below[9]). S. E. Winbolt,[8] the most thorough commentator on the golden line, described the form as a natural combination of obvious tendencies in Latin hexameter, such as the preference for putting adjectives towards the beginning of the line and nouns at the emphatic end. Subscribe to our free daily email and get a new idiom video every day! Far more interesting than the appearance of the golden line in ancient and medieval poetry is the use of the term by these modern critics. The same general remarks about epithets are found in John Clarke’s 1633 Manu-ductio ad Artem Carmificam seu Dux Poeticus (345): The source of Clarke’s first example line is unknown, but the same line is also one of Burles’s examples of the golden line. Pendula is an adjective modifying bractea and flaventem is an adjective modifying crinem. In the first 500 lines of Aldhelm's Carmen de virginitate, for example, there are 42 golden lines and 7 silver lines, yielding percentages of 8.4 and 1.4 respectively; in the last 500 lines (2405-2904) there are only 20 golden lines and 4 silver lines, yielding percentages of 4 and 0.8 respectively—a reduction by half. He includes silver lines (4, 123, 260). 1999 – S. Enríquez. The only other commentator to mention the teres versus was the Renaissance scholar Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558), who did not seem to understand Diomedes. ○   Boggle. He includes silver lines (4, 123, 260). The SensagentBox are offered by sensAgent. Virgil's earlier works have a higher percentage. K. Mayer, "The Golden Line: Ancient and Medieval Lists of Special Hexameters and Modern Scholarship," in C. Lanham, ed., an offensive content(racist, pornographic, injurious, etc. It appears many times in geometry, art, architecture and other areas. [3] The first known use, as aureus versus, is by the Welsh epigrammatist John Owen in a footnote to his own Latin poem in 1612. The statistics do not (and cannot) prove that the form was ever taught and practiced as a discrete form. Golden mean definition, the perfect moderate course or position that avoids extremes; the happy medium. However, it is difficult to understand what "conjoin a fluent and contiguous phrase" ( volubilem et cohaerentem continuant dictionem) means and how exactly it applies to this verse. Each square carries a letter. This line is the first pure golden line in Virgil's works. c. Suggestive of gold, as in richness or splendor: a golden voice. The English word games are: The golden ratio describes predictable patterns on everything from atoms to huge stars in the sky. But the ideal model that the composers took for their verses appears to have been the golden line. Define golden section. Di, Cookies help us deliver our services. He allows relative pronouns (2, 4, 112, 221, 288), prepositions (278, 289), conjunctions like ut and dum (95, 149, 164, 260), exclamations (45), and adverbs (14). With a SensagentBox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com. [5] Only a few scholars outside the English-speaking world discuss the golden line, and then only since 1955. See, for example, the combined percentage of 14.29 in the Apocolocyntosis. The term "golden line" did not exist in Classical antiquity. J. M. Baños Baños, "El versus aureus de Ennio a Estacio". The Golden Ratio is a term used to describe how elements within a piece of art can be placed in the most aesthetically pleasing way. This trend may be due to the growing fondness for leonine rhymes, which are facilitated by the golden line structure but not by the silver line. The Hisperica Famina is a bizarre text which is apparently from seventh-century Ireland. These poets use a variety of hexameters praised by Diomedes: rhopalic verses, echo verses, and reciprocal verses. The Renaissance mathematician Lucas Pacioli defined this aesthetically satisfying ratio as the division of a line so that… "El hexámetro áureo en la poesía latina", 2008 - Unknown author "Gouden Vers: PV in het midden + 2 adj vooraan + 2 subst achteraan (of omgekeerd)".  | Last modifications, Copyright © 2012 sensagent Corporation: Online Encyclopedia, Thesaurus, Dictionary definitions and more. Scans of most of those citations are arranged chronologically. 1. The golden ratio (symbol is the Greek letter "phi" shown at left) is a special number approximately equal to 1.618. These works are often cited in golden line literature, but they do not mention the term and are only peripherally connected to the form, except for Kerlouégan, Chronological listing of Non-English Golden Line Citations, This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. Another possible explanation for the diminished use of golden lines within an author's work (observed already in Virgil; see Table 1) is that, with time, poets may gradually free themselves from the constraints of the form. If the Verse does consist of two Adjectives, two Substantives and a Verb only, the first Adjective agreeing with the first Substantive, the second with the second, and the Verb placed in the midst, it is called a Golden Verse: as, 1.1. This line is the first pure golden line in Virgil's works. However, it is not merely a term, it is an actual ratio and it can be found in many pieces of art. Like this video? Company Information ", 1987 – J. Hellegouarc'h, "Les yeux de la marquise...Quelques observations sur les commutations verbales dans l'hexamètre latin.". It appeared in about a dozen citations between 1612 and 1900, including in some American and British Latin Grammars in the 19th and early 20th century. Although Burles’s 1652 definition (see the introduction above) is explicit about the abVAB structure, many scholars also consider lines with this chiastic pattern to be “golden”: Perhaps this more inclusive definition is based upon the famous definition offered by the poet John Dryden in his introduction to the Silvae, “that Verse commonly which they call golden, or two Substantives and two Adjectives with a Verb betwixt them to keep the peace.” Wilkinson[4] offered the humorous definition “silver line” for this variant. Even if the golden line was not a conscious poetic conceit in the classical or medieval period, it might have some utility today as a term of analysis in discussing such poetry. Of particular interest is their use by Claudian. In his book Poetices Libri Septem (1964 Stuttgart facsimile reprint of the 1561 Lyon edition, p. 71-72, text in Mayer), Scaliger offers a muddled attempt at understanding Diomedes. A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. It is an irrational number like pi and e, meaning … Table 3: Golden lines in some early medieval poetry. See more. Reply Delete Schmitz p. 149 n 113, "der von John Dryden gepraegte Terminus Golden Line." And that seems to be the general idea upon which this song is based. The Ark of the Covenant is uses Fibonacci numbers, approximating a Golden Rectangle In Exodus 25:10, God commands Moses to build the Ark of the Covenant, in which to hold His Covenant with the Israelites, the Ten […] The percentage of golden lines is high, but the number of near-misses is enormous. So a Latin listener or reader would know that golden and clasp go together even though the words are separated. It was intended to be used for astrological purposes, such as measuring the influences of the planets.The experimental theologian discovered that an alloy of two particular rare metals could be used to create a needle that pointed towards the truth. Before the video for Golden dropped in October 2020, Styles sat down with Apple Music's Zane Lowe and dished on Fine Line, which he says was … Note that there is not a comparable increase in the silver line: If anything, these authors have fewer silver lines. This work was written before 500 CE, and it has been plausibly suggested that he wrote after 350 CE. The following statistical tables are based on one scholar's definitions of golden and "silver" lines (the tables are from Mayer (2002)).  |  He allows participles as the verb in the middle (71, 182), but he does not include the periphrastic verbal form in 271: Atque futurorum gestura est turma nepotum. English Encyclopedia is licensed by Wikipedia (GNU). Golden is a nice, mellow song about equating love to hope. In all likelihood the golden line is a term gradually developed by Medieval and Renaissance grammarians, from Bede to Burles, but this indeterminate (and apparently unknown) pedigree does not explain its curious hold on Anglo-American scholarship. In the 1960s, McDonald's considered getting rid of its golden arches. However, the use of “the golden line” as a critical term in modern scholarship demonstrates the power of the intervening critical tradition. More important for the purposes of comparison are the last three columns, which give the percentage of golden and silver lines in respect to the total number of verses. The golden line is an extreme form of hyperbaton. The form is rather elementary compared to their usual pyrotechnic displays. Corippus's Ioannis and Sedulius's Paschale have even more extreme reductions. Pendula flaventem pingebat bractea crinem. Classical poets probably did not strive to produce them (but see the teres versus in the history section below). Also see the Theology page. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. These poets use a variety of hexameters praised by Diomedes—rhopalic verses, echo verses, and reciprocal verses. Scholars like to believe that their critical approaches to classical poetry are direct and immediate, and that they understand classical literature in its own context or, depending on their critical stance, from the perspective of their own context(s). Table 2: Golden lines in selected late antique poetry. Ovid and Lucan use the golden line about once in every 100 lines. [2] Only a few scholars outside the English-speaking world discuss the golden line. On the average the golden line is found in every 50 lines of Claudian, but there are considerable differences between works. The earliest is the 1484 De arte metrificandi of Jacob Wimpfeling: And two years later the Ars Versificandi of Conrad Celtes followed Wimpfeling: In 1512 Johannes Despauterius quoted Celtis's remarks verbatim in his Ars versificatoria in the section De componendis carminibus praecepta generalia and then more narrowly defined excellence in hexameters in the section De carmine elegiaco: Despauterius here combines Bede's two rules into one general precept of elegance: Two adjectives should be placed before two substantives, the first agreeing with the first. Our manuscripts of Quintilian do not include this verse of Virgil, but it is the first pure golden line in Virgil and it becomes the most famous golden line citation. Most of the lines that are not “golden” are merely too short to have more than three words; or, occasionally, they are too long. Add new content to your site from Sensagent by XML. The ratio of this pink side to this blue length right over here, that's the golden ratio. Table 3 reveals several interesting tendencies in golden line usage in the early medieval period. The general suggestion would be that this is in fact a romantic interest, as in his mate or someone whom he is now trying to get with in that regard. None of the other ancient metricians use the term teres versus or κυκλοτερεῖς (the Greek form that Diomedes mentions as its equivalent). As a dynamic company, our innovative service that provides sea freight, air, land, and services related to import and export. It appeared in some American and British Latin Grammars in the 19th and early 20th century. The golden line may originally have been the teres versus of Diomedes, but this fact does not legitimate its use as a critical term today. It seems to be a collection of school compositions on set themes that have been run together. Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae. The opening track to Fine Line reveals the highs and ultimate fears one experiences during the Honeymoon Phase of a new and bright relationship. A consultant insisted that they stay... and provided an eyebrow-raising explanation. There are no Latin golden or silver lines before Catullus, who uses them in poem 64 to an extent almost unparalleled in classical literature. There is an old saying that goes something like ‘there’s a fine line between love and hate’. An example of a golden line is aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem ‘a golden clasp bound her purple cloak’ (from Virgil's Aeneid 4. However, statistics cannot prove that the golden line was a recognized form of classical poetics. Table 1 gives the totals for the gold and silver lines in classical poetry, listed in approximate chronological order from Catullus to Statius. Some scholars include lines with extra prepositions, adverbs, exclamations, conjunctions, and relative pronouns. The wordgames anagrams, crossword, Lettris and Boggle are provided by Memodata. The only other commentator to mention the teres versus was the Renaissance scholar Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558), who did not seem to understand Diomedes.
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